Sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite coating on titanium implants: Optimization of sol–gel process and engineering the interface

Abstract Sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite coatings on metallic implants are important to promote their osseointegration and biocompatibility. However, such generally suffer from drawbacks that limit implant longevity. In this study, the sol gel process prepare was optimized used deposit a layer Ti6Al4V. Samples were pretreated by thermal oxidation, sol–gel coating, anodization produce titanium dioxide interlayers with various structures. The results of structural analysis have determined optimal preparation parameters monophasic crystalline hydroxyapatite. introduction intermediate layers produced crack-free films promoted adherence integrity where adhesive strength remarkably improved. Furthermore, potentiodynamic polarization tests in simulated body fluid revealed low corrosion rates high protection property hydroxyapatite/titania coated samples, making these structures promising for bone replacements. Graphical abstract